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EOS

EOS is present on the following networks: binance_smart_chain, eos, eos_evm. Binance Smart Chain (BSC) uses a hybrid consensus mechanism called Proof of Staked Authority (PoSA), which combines elements of Delegated Proof of Stake (DPoS) and Proof of Authority (PoA). This method ensures fast block times and low fees while maintaining a level of decentralization and security. Core Components 1. Validators (so-called “Cabinet Members”): Validators on BSC are responsible for producing new blocks, validating transactions, and maintaining the network’s security. To become a validator, an entity must stake a significant amount of BNB (Binance Coin). Validators are selected through staking and voting by token holders. There are 21 active validators at any given time, rotating to ensure decentralization and security. 2. Delegators: Token holders who do not wish to run validator nodes can delegate their BNB tokens to validators. This delegation helps validators increase their stake and improves their chances of being selected to produce blocks. Delegators earn a share of the rewards that validators receive, incentivizing broad participation in network security. 3. Candidates: Candidates are nodes that have staked the required amount of BNB and are in the pool waiting to become validators. They are essentially potential validators who are not currently active but can be elected to the validator set through community voting. Candidates play a crucial role in ensuring there is always a sufficient pool of nodes ready to take on validation tasks, thus maintaining network resilience and decentralization. Consensus Process 4. Validator Selection: Validators are chosen based on the amount of BNB staked and votes received from delegators. The more BNB staked and votes received, the higher the chance of being selected to validate transactions and produce new blocks. The selection process involves both the current validators and the pool of candidates, ensuring a dynamic and secure rotation of nodes. 5. Block Production: The selected validators take turns producing blocks in a PoA-like manner, ensuring that blocks are generated quickly and efficiently. Validators validate transactions, add them to new blocks, and broadcast these blocks to the network. 6. Transaction Finality: BSC achieves fast block times of around 3 seconds and quick transaction finality. This is achieved through the efficient PoSA mechanism that allows validators to rapidly reach consensus. Security and Economic Incentives 7. Staking: Validators are required to stake a substantial amount of BNB, which acts as collateral to ensure their honest behavior. This staked amount can be slashed if validators act maliciously. Staking incentivizes validators to act in the network's best interest to avoid losing their staked BNB. 8. Delegation and Rewards: Delegators earn rewards proportional to their stake in validators. This incentivizes them to choose reliable validators and participate in the network’s security. Validators and delegators share transaction fees as rewards, which provides continuous economic incentives to maintain network security and performance. 9. Transaction Fees: BSC employs low transaction fees, paid in BNB, making it cost-effective for users. These fees are collected by validators as part of their rewards, further incentivizing them to validate transactions accurately and efficiently. The EOS blockchain operates on a Delegated Proof of Stake (DPoS) consensus mechanism, designed to provide high transaction throughput and low latency. Core Components of EOS Consensus: Delegated Proof of Stake (DPoS) with Block Producers (BPs) Voting for Block Producers: EOS token holders vote to select 21 block producers (BPs) who validate transactions and produce blocks. This voting process is continuous, with token holders able to reallocate their votes at any time, ensuring the active block producers are consistently those with the most community support. Active Rotation: The top 21 BPs are rotated regularly to maintain a decentralized and representative set of validators, helping secure the network while giving all selected BPs equal opportunities for block production. Byzantine Fault Tolerance (BFT) in DPoS EOS incorporates BFT principles within its DPoS consensus to finalize blocks with a high degree of security. Transactions gain irreversibility once approved by a majority of block producers, providing faster finality and reducing the risk of forks or double-spending attacks. High Throughput and Block Production Block Time: EOS block producers create blocks in 0.5-second intervals, facilitating a rapid transaction processing rate. If a block producer misses their turn, the system immediately switches to the next producer, keeping network latency minimal. EOS EVM operates within the EOS blockchain, which utilizes a Delegated Proof of Stake (DPoS) consensus mechanism. In this system, EOS token holders vote to elect a set number of block producers responsible for validating transactions and adding new blocks to the blockchain. The EOS EVM functions as a smart contract on the EOS network, enabling Ethereum-compatible smart contracts to run within this DPoS framework.

EOS is present on the following networks: binance_smart_chain, eos, eos_evm. Binance Smart Chain (BSC) uses the Proof of Staked Authority (PoSA) consensus mechanism to ensure network security and incentivize participation from validators and delegators. Incentive Mechanisms 1. Validators: Staking Rewards: Validators must stake a significant amount of BNB to participate in the consensus process. They earn rewards in the form of transaction fees and block rewards. Selection Process: Validators are selected based on the amount of BNB staked and the votes received from delegators. The more BNB staked and votes received, the higher the chances of being selected to validate transactions and produce new blocks. 2. Delegators: Delegated Staking: Token holders can delegate their BNB to validators. This delegation increases the validator's total stake and improves their chances of being selected to produce blocks. Shared Rewards: Delegators earn a portion of the rewards that validators receive. This incentivizes token holders to participate in the network’s security and decentralization by choosing reliable validators. 3. Candidates: Pool of Potential Validators: Candidates are nodes that have staked the required amount of BNB and are waiting to become active validators. They ensure that there is always a sufficient pool of nodes ready to take on validation tasks, maintaining network resilience. 4. Economic Security: Slashing: Validators can be penalized for malicious behavior or failure to perform their duties. Penalties include slashing a portion of their staked tokens, ensuring that validators act in the best interest of the network. Opportunity Cost: Staking requires validators and delegators to lock up their BNB tokens, providing an economic incentive to act honestly to avoid losing their staked assets. Fees on the Binance Smart Chain 5. Transaction Fees: Low Fees: BSC is known for its low transaction fees compared to other blockchain networks. These fees are paid in BNB and are essential for maintaining network operations and compensating validators. Dynamic Fee Structure: Transaction fees can vary based on network congestion and the complexity of the transactions. However, BSC ensures that fees remain significantly lower than those on the Ethereum mainnet. 6. Block Rewards: Incentivizing Validators: Validators earn block rewards in addition to transaction fees. These rewards are distributed to validators for their role in maintaining the network and processing transactions. 7. Cross-Chain Fees: Interoperability Costs: BSC supports cross-chain compatibility, allowing assets to be transferred between Binance Chain and Binance Smart Chain. These cross-chain operations incur minimal fees, facilitating seamless asset transfers and improving user experience. 8. Smart Contract Fees: Deployment and Execution Costs: Deploying and interacting with smart contracts on BSC involves paying fees based on the computational resources required. These fees are also paid in BNB and are designed to be cost-effective, encouraging developers to build on the BSC platform. EOS incentivizes block producers to maintain the network and operates with unique staking and resource models to control transaction costs. Incentive Mechanisms: Block Producer Rewards Earning EOS Tokens: Block producers are rewarded in EOS tokens for validating transactions and producing blocks, providing the primary economic incentive for maintaining network operations and security. Voting Rewards for BPs Although not part of the core protocol, block producers often offer incentives to encourage token holders to vote for them. This encourages accountability, transparency, and performance, as EOS holders tend to favor reliable and engaged BPs. Applicable Fees and Resource Model: Fee-less Transactions for Users Resource Staking (CPU, NET): Rather than charging direct transaction fees, EOS allows users to perform fee-less transactions by staking EOS tokens for network resources like CPU and NET bandwidth, which are required for transaction processing. RAM for Storage: dApp developers purchase RAM for data storage on the EOS network. RAM prices are determined through a market-based system, where supply and demand influence cost. EOS EVM Gas Fees Dynamic Gas Model: For transactions on the EOS EVM, gas fees are dynamically calculated, based on transaction demand, similar to Ethereum’s gas model. These fees, paid in EOS tokens, enable Ethereum-compatible smart contracts to run on EOS, offering a familiar environment for EVM developers and users. EOS EVM Integration With EOS EVM, users and developers benefit from a familiar gas fee structure, allowing Ethereum-based applications to operate seamlessly on the EOS network while maintaining competitive costs. Within the EOS EVM environment, users pay gas fees denominated in EOS tokens for executing smart contracts and transactions. These fees are designed to mirror Ethereum's gas model to maintain compatibility with Ethereum-based tools and applications. The collected fees are distributed to EOS block producers as compensation for their role in validating transactions and maintaining the network's integrity. This fee structure ensures that the execution of Ethereum-compatible smart contracts on EOS is both efficient and economically sustainable.

2024-04-05

2025-04-05

344319.18669 (kWh/a)

The energy consumption of this asset is aggregated across multiple components: For the calculation of energy consumptions, the so called “bottom-up” approach is being used. The nodes are considered to be the central factor for the energy consumption of the network. These assumptions are made on the basis of empirical findings through the use of public information sites, open-source crawlers and crawlers developed in-house. The main determinants for estimating the hardware used within the network are the requirements for operating the client software. The energy consumption of the hardware devices was measured in certified test laboratories. When calculating the energy consumption, we used - if available - the Functionally Fungible Group Digital Token Identifier (FFG DTI) to determine all implementations of the asset of question in scope and we update the mappings regulary, based on data of the Digital Token Identifier Foundation. For the calculation of energy consumptions, the so called “bottom-up” approach is being used. The nodes are considered to be the central factor for the energy consumption of the network. These assumptions are made on the basis of empirical findings through the use of public information sites, open-source crawlers and crawlers developed in-house. The main determinants for estimating the hardware used within the network are the requirements for operating the client software. The energy consumption of the hardware devices was measured in certified test laboratories. When calculating the energy consumption, we used - if available - the Functionally Fungible Group Digital Token Identifier (FFG DTI) to determine all implementations of the asset of question in scope and we update the mappings regulary, based on data of the Digital Token Identifier Foundation. To determine the energy consumption of a token, the energy consumption of the network(s) binance_smart_chain is calculated first. Based on the crypto asset's gas consumption per network, the share of the total consumption of the respective network that is assigned to this asset is defined. When calculating the energy consumption, we used - if available - the Functionally Fungible Group Digital Token Identifier (FFG DTI) to determine all implementations of the asset of question in scope and we update the mappings regulary, based on data of the Digital Token Identifier Foundation.